Royalty audit information

This page provides specific information about what to expect during your mineral or petroleum royalty audit.  This information is provided to help you understand the audit process and answer some questions you may have. It also provides you with information about of your rights and obligations during an audit.

Understanding your mineral or petroleum royalty audits

The Territory Revenue Office (TRO) is responsible for the administration, compliance and enforcement of the Northern Territory mineral and petroleum regimes. In discharging that responsibility, the TRO is committed to the standards and values outlined in the TRO’s Taxpayer and Royalty Payer Charter.

The TRO devotes considerable time and effort to assisting royalty payers to comply with their obligations so we can help those willing to comply.

The primary goal of the TRO’s compliance activities is to improve overall compliance with the royalty laws and instil confidence in the Northern Territory community that the administration of the royalty regimes is fair and reasonable. The audit program plays an important role in clarifying the law and educating royalty payers about how to comply with their obligations.

The following provides specific information about what to expect during your mineral or petroleum royalty audit.  This information is provided to help you understand the audit process and answer some questions you may have. It also provides you with information about of your rights and obligations during an audit.

What is an audit?

An audit is a formal examination of your records by a TRO officer to ensure that you are correctly accounting for and paying royalties, according to the royalty laws, that are due to the Northern Territory Government.

An audit can also assist you to understand the statutory and regulatory framework for the administration and collection of mineral and petroleum royalties. An audit can be conducted for an annual or periodic royalty return or when other issues may arise in relation to the Petroleum Royalty Act 2023, the Mineral Royalty Act 1982, Mineral Royalties Act 2024, or Agreement Ratification Act or Agreement Act (which refers to an act with or without modification) that applies to your mining project.

Further information is available on the TRO's Compliance Activities page.

Why does the TRO conduct royalty audits?

The Northern Territory’s mineral and petroleum royalty regimes operate on the principle of voluntary compliance.  Each royalty payer is responsible for paying the correct amount of royalties (including provisional royalties) imposed by the statutory and regulatory framework that governs those regimes.  The TRO is charged with the responsibility to administer and enforce those regimes.

Payment of royalties is a condition of a Mineral Lease or a Petroleum Licence and failure to pay royalties is a breach of the lease or licence which can result in cancellation of the relevant title. The TRO conducts royalty audits to confirm the amount of royalty payable and identify and collect unpaid or underpaid royalties.

The Northern Territory’s royalty regime encourages present and future exploration and development of mineral and petroleum resources. At the same time, the regime compensates the Northern Territory community for allowing the private extraction of the Northern Territory’s non-renewable resources.

Royalty revenue is used to support important government programs and services, such as education, health care, social services and infrastructure.  Audits help ensure that all royalty payers pay the correct amount of royalty and promote a level playing field for all Northern Territory mining, petroleum and other businesses or projects.

Royalty audits also help you understand how to apply the royalty rules to your mining or petroleum business or project.

Audit selection

Any royalty payer – including major, national or junior companies and individual or small scale miners – can be audited at any time.  Royalty payers may be chosen for an audit based on any of the following reasons:

  • a special audit project (to target specific problems or issues in legislation)
  • a legislated program
  • risk-based selection (including industry trend analysis)
  • dob-ins or tip-offs
  • follow-up of information received from a variety of sources
  • random selection for routine verification and coverage of royalty revenue base
  • or referral from another royalty or tax audit.

Royalty payers whose businesses are predominantly based outside the Northern Territory, but conduct mining or petroleum production in the Northern Territory, are also audited.

Audit authority

Under the MRA and the Petroleum Act, for the purposes of the administration and enforcement of the royalty schemes established under those Acts, an auditor is permitted to, amongst other things:

  • gain access to the production unit/licence area or premises where records are kept
  • inspect, examine, make and retain copies of documents or records
  • inspect or take stock of a mineral commodity
  • test a device referred to in section 84(5) of the Petroleum Act and make and retain records associated with or produced by the device
  • require a company representative to produce records
  • require a company representative to answer questions and provide information.

The authorised audit officer is permitted to carry out these actions to confirm you have met your obligations as a royalty payer. It is important to note that this authority is carried out with a strict commercial-in-confidence policy and all your records will be protected accordingly.

What does an auditor look for?

When an audit is conducted, the auditors are primarily verifying that you:

  • calculated the correct amount of royalties on:
  • have kept and maintained proper books of account in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles and the specified accounting basis for royalty purposes
  • have documentation to fully support the value of a saleable mineral commodity or petroleum and eligible expenditure
  • declared and paid the correct provisional and residual royalties
  • any other relevant matters that affect the calculation and payment of royalties.

The timeframe of an audit

Generally, an audit covers up to a five-year period. The audit period can change according to individual circumstances. There are however, no time limits on how far back you may be audited if you intentionally or recklessly evade or avoid the payment of royalties.

There is no set time limit on how long an audit may take. This depends on:

  • the size and complexity of your business
  • the standard of your records
  • your cooperation.

We will provide an estimate of the timeframe for completion of the audit at the commencement of the audit. If there is a need for an extension, this will be discussed with you.

Record keeping requirements

Royalty payers are required to maintain proper and accurate records relating to minerals (including petroleum) recovered and which substantiate details contained in royalty returns. The records are to be kept at the production unit/licence area or at some other place in Australia as agreed between the royalty payer and the Commissioner of Territory Revenue/Mineral Royalty Secretary.

The records relating to minerals (including petroleum) recovered must be kept (in English language) for a period of seven years after the information is created by, or comes into the possession or custody of, the royalty payer.

Records for inspection

The Commissioner of Territory Revenue/Mineral Royalty Secretary or any TRO auditor is to have access to accounts, books, documents and other records relating to the production unit/licence area, when a request is made in writing.

The auditors can inspect any of your records in both paper and electronic format.

Typically, the auditor will review some or all of your:

  • financial statements, including notes to the accounts (audited or unaudited, whichever are available)
  • end of year management reports (which contain information such as production volumes and values or key performance indicators)
  • trial balance or relevant cost centre reports
  • sales contracts together with an explanation of the terms of the sales arrangements and the individual client’s files
  • an electronic copy of the taxation depreciation schedule and fixed asset register for the production unit, along with a separate schedule of additions and disposals for the relevant year
  • a transaction list supporting any eligible exploration expenditure incurred on a mining tenement that forms part of the production unit (and not on an exploration licence)
  • a description of any material operational or reporting changes affecting the royalty calculation
  • explanations for significant fluctuations in the royalty calculation in comparison to previous years (such as exchange rate impacts, changes to contract values or a material increase in operating cost items)
  • information evidencing the quantity and value of commodities (including petroleum) produced
  • working files for the royalty returns
  • a list of expenditure claimed:
    • an explanation for any increase/decrease of expenditure in comparison with the amounts claimed in the previous royalty return
    • other relevant expenditure information
  • any other relevant information which may facilitate the audit of the royalty return.

For both parties benefit, the royalty payer should ensure that adequate and efficient record keeping systems and procedures are maintained to allow for the audit to be carried out in a fast and effective way.

What happens when you are selected for an audit?

In most cases auditors will:

  • write, telephone or visit you to let you know that an audit will be conducted
  • explain the process and the scope of the audit
  • specify the records to be produced for inspection
  • give you a reasonable period of time to assemble those records for either:
    • submission for desk audit
    • or arranging a time and place to interview the production unit’s representative/s
  • confirm arrangements in writing.

All audits are conducted by an authorised TRO officer/s.

During an audit, the auditor will conduct interviews and make enquiries to establish compliance with the relevant royalty law and examine and test some of your internal financial records.

How should you prepare for an audit?

The TRO endeavours to carry out an audit with minimal impact and disruption to your business activities. Full cooperation with the TRO will lessen any potential inconvenience to you or your business.

To minimise delays you should ensure:

  • that the records the auditor has requested are ready for examination when required
  • your representative has knowledge of and access to the appropriate financial documents relating to the audit as well as the calculation of royalty.

What are your obligations?

During the audit, you are required to:

  • disclose any known discrepancies, errors and undeclared royalty liabilities, royalty assessments or audits
  • provide the auditor reasonable assistance and facilities during the audit
  • provide complete and honest answers and explanations to questions
  • provide prompt, full and free access to all relevant information, records, documents, data and systems as required by the audit officer.

What are your rights?

The TRO will conduct audits with respect to your rights. If an audit is to be conducted, you have the right to:

  • ask for a reasonable amount of time to produce your records
  • negotiate the time and place for the audit with the auditors
  • receive written confirmation of these arrangements.

During an audit, you have the right to:

  • view the auditors’ identification and authority
  • expect the auditors to be professional and courteous
  • involve a professional representative(s) in the process
  • ask how long the audit will take
  • expect your affairs to be treated with strict confidentiality
  • be given the opportunity to explain the reasons for any irregularities, discrepancies, decisions, etc.

At the end of the audit, you have the right to:

  • receive an explanation of the results or findings
  • be given an opportunity to discuss any aspect of the findings with the auditors
  • ask the auditors about the royalty assessment calculated by the audit
  • ask for advice about the objection and appeal process
  • discuss any aspect of the audit with either the auditor/s or their manager.

What happens after an audit?

At the end of every field audit you will receive written advice of the outcome of the audit and any proposed action that may be taken.

In some cases, the audit officer may meet with you or your representative for an exit interview. This meeting is used to:

  • inform the royalty payer of the audit results and ensure your understanding of the audit assessment
  • explain any issues that may have arisen from the audit
  • address any issues you have regarding the appropriate compliance measures or clarify any aspect of the audit procedures that you are unfamiliar with in order to create a more efficient audit process in the future
  • explain the assessment process (for both refund and underpayment of royalty)
  • explain the objection and appeal process and ensure that you understand your rights with regard to the assessment.

What happens if the audit finds an underpayment or overpayment of royalty?

Overpayment of royalty

Where the sum of payments exceeds the assessment of royalty payable, a credit is owed to the royalty payer. The credit may be settled in one of two ways:

  • an offset of the amount overpaid against the royalty payer’s future royalty (or royalty equivalent) liability provided the liability arises within two months of the date on which the overpayment was first identified by the Secretary or Commissioner of Territory Revenue
  • or a refund of the overpayment to the royalty payer.

Underpayment of royalty

It is in the interests of royalty payers to ensure a realistic estimate of the provisional/instalment payment is made.

MRA24 and PRA23 – interest and penalty tax are chargeable for the late payment of royalties (see below).

MRA82 – imposes a penalty where the combined six-monthly provisional payments are less than 80% of the assessment of royalty payable. Further information on the calculations of the additional royalty to be paid can be found in the MRA82 Mineral royalty overview document. The additional royalty may be remitted in full or in part if the royalty payer demonstrates that they did not deliberately, recklessly or negligently avoid or underestimate their royalty liability.

Late payment of royalties

MRA82 – royalties not paid by the due date incur an interest charge. The annual interest rate under the MRA is based on the average monthly yield on ninety day bank accepted bills, published by the Reserve Bank of Australia for the month of May in the financial year immediately preceding the relevant year, plus 7%.

Interest charges apply in all cases. The MRA does not confer discretion on the Secretary to remit interest even in exceptional circumstances.

MRA24/PRA - The Taxation Administration Act 2007 applies, which imposes interest and penalty tax on late payments and underpayments (CG-GEN-002 Commissioner's Guideline: Interest and Penalty tax DOCX (205.1 KB)).

Review and appeal process

The process to be followed by royalty payers who wish to dispute an assessment (including a default assessment) is established in Part 11 of the Taxation Administration Act 2007 (NT) (the TAA).

The process is, as follows:

(1) first, a royalty payer must lodge a written objection to the assessment within 60 days of the assessment being issued. The objection is determined by a TRO business unit that is organisationally separate to the business unit which issued the royalty assessment;

(2) secondly, if the royalty payer is dissatisfied with the objection decision, the royalty payer may under section 115 of the TAA, lodge an appeal to either:

(a) the Northern Territory Civil and Administrative Tribunal under Division 4 of Part 11 of the TAA by lodging a notice of appeal with the Registrar of the Local Court; or

(b) lodge an appeal to the Supreme Court under Division 5 of Part 11 of the TAA by filing a notice of appeal in the Registry of the Supreme Court.

An appeal must be commenced within 60 days after the date of issue of the objection decision.

The Commissioner of Territory Revenue has issued a non-legally binding Guideline regarding the review and appeal processes/procedures under Part 11 of the TAA (Guideline CG-GEN-003: Objections and Appeals Policy DOCX (707.5 KB)).

An objection or appeal does not affect the liability to pay an outstanding amount of royalty, penalty royalty or interest by the due date.

Confidentiality

Information is collected by the Commissioner of Territory Revenue/Mineral Royalty Secretary or any auditors for the sole purpose of administering and enforcing the MRA82, the MRA24 or the PRA. The information will be appropriately protected at all times and not be released to any person except insofar as it is required or authorised by law.

Further information and resources

Client feedback

Please contact the Territory Revenue Office on 1300 305 353 or send an email to royaltiesandassurance.dtf@nt.gov.au if you require further information or if you would like to comment on the recently restructured royalty information.

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